Aragorn Meulendijks by Aragorn Meulendijks — Future-Historian
Foucault vs Chomsky — Dutch television, 1971
The Enlightenment is under attack

The Science
of Agency

How postmodernist thinking became the intellectual contagion undermining science, agency, and Western civilization itself.

See the evidence
scroll
01
Postmodernism claims there is no objective truth. Every perspective is equally valid. Science is just another narrative.
02
This ideology has infected academia, science, medicine, and public policy. The evidence is measurable and damning.
03
The result: collapsing trust, a replication crisis, concept creep, and the systematic destruction of personal agency.

The Intellectual
Contagion

The Enlightenment gave us the scientific method, verifiability, and provability as the foundation of all modern progress. Postmodernism is rotting it from the inside. This is not a philosophical disagreement. It is the Black Plague of modern civilization.

The Epistemological Destruction

Multiple perspectives are not multiple truths.
They are facets of one singular truth.

The entire scientific method rests on convergence: if we investigate long enough, research deep enough, and argue honestly enough, all must arrive at the same conclusion. A fundamental understanding of the nature of reality. Postmodernism promotes every perspective to the status of truth, and in doing so, makes science impossible. If "my truth" is as valid as "your truth," evidence becomes optional, proof becomes optional, and the centuries of hard-won methodology that separates knowledge from opinion dissolves into just another "perspective."

1
The Enlightenment premise — Reality is shared. Truth is singular, provable, and verifiable. Science converges toward it through evidence and reason.
2
The postmodern inversion — There is no shared reality. All knowledge is socially constructed. Science is just another power structure.
3
The consequence — If nothing can be proven, nothing can be disproven. Every claim is equally valid. The scientific method becomes meaningless.
4
The real-world cost — Collapsing trust in institutions, a replication crisis in science, concept creep in psychology, and the systematic erosion of personal agency.
Intellectual Genealogy

The Philosophical Lineage

How a legitimate critique of power metastasized into a wholesale rejection of reality

Rousseau → Kant → Hegel → Marx
The Roots
Skepticism of Enlightenment rationality. The idea that knowledge is shaped by social conditions.
Heidegger · Nietzsche
The Bridge
"God is dead" and the rejection of foundational truths. Existence precedes essence.
Foucault · Derrida · Lyotard
The Infection
Knowledge is power. Language constructs reality. Grand narratives are instruments of oppression.
Applied → Reified Postmodernism
The Metastasis
From academic theory to institutional practice. From questioning truths to denying truth itself.
Stephen Hicks' central thesis: The failure of socialism in the 20th century made postmodernism necessary. When the empirical evidence decisively refuted Marxist economics, the intellectual left didn't abandon the project. They abandoned empiricism. If evidence can't support your ideology, attack the concept of evidence itself.
Sources: Hicks, "Explaining Postmodernism" (2004) · Pluckrose & Lindsay, "Cynical Theories" (2020) · Boudry, "Verraad aan de verlichting" (2025)

The Autoimmune Disease of the Enlightenment

Self-criticism is a core aspect of the Enlightenment, just as an immune system keeps a body healthy. But when calibrated too sharply, it attacks its own body and destroys it.

Philosopher Maarten Boudry's central metaphor: the Enlightenment created and licensed the tools of its own critique — freedom of thought, skepticism, questioning of authority. When those tools are turned not against specific abuses but against the entire project of modernity, Enlightenment values collapse from within. The tradition that made the West self-correcting has been weaponized into self-destruction.

1971
The crystallizing moment: Foucault vs. Chomsky at TU Eindhoven. Chomsky argued from Enlightenment foundations — human nature, justice, rationality. Foucault dissolved all such foundations as power structures. Two progressive intellectuals, one conversation, and the chasm between Enlightenment defense and Enlightenment betrayal became unbridgeable.
1978
The logical endpoint: Foucault publicly celebrated Khomeini's Islamic Revolution as a "political spirituality" fundamentally other than Western rationality. When you systematically distrust Western reason, anything that repudiates it becomes attractive — regardless of the human consequences.
2025
The diagnosis: Boudry identifies three betrayals — postmodernism (denying truth), decolonization ideology (permanent oppressor-victim binaries that deny agency), and the degrowth movement (romanticizing pre-modern scarcity). All three attack the Enlightenment from within, using the freedoms it provides to dismantle the foundations that provide them.
Biting the hand that feeds you, because it won't punch you in the face. Free societies uniquely permit radical dissent. Unfree societies suppress it. Rousseau denounced civilization in elegant published prose. Marx lived off capitalist factories. Thoreau's "self-sufficient" cabin was a short walk from his mother's dinner table. The better life gets, the more people take it for granted.
Maarten Boudry, Verraad aan de verlichting (2025)
The marriage of collectivism and postmodernism — the simultaneous denial of objective reality and the authoritarian demand that others affirm subjective realities — is a recipe for disaster.
Aragorn Meulendijks, Worldview & Core Theses
Empirical Test

The Hoaxes That Proved the Point

When scientists tested whether postmodern academia could distinguish nonsense from scholarship

The Sokal Affair (1996)
Published
Physicist Alan Sokal submitted deliberate nonsense — "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" — to Social Text. Published without peer review. The editors couldn't tell it was fake because their field had no mechanism to distinguish real claims from parody.
Boudry's Theology Hoax (2011)
Accepted
Philosopher Maarten Boudry submitted a meaningless abstract stuffed with theological jargon to a Christian philosophy conference. It was accepted. The same intellectual bankruptcy Sokal exposed in postmodern humanities extends to any field that prizes vocabulary over verifiability.
Grievance Studies Affair (2018)
7 of 20
Boghossian, Lindsay & Pluckrose submitted 20 hoax papers to leading journals. 7 accepted, 4 published. Including a rewrite of sections of Mein Kampf with feminist terminology, and a paper arguing for "rape culture" in dog parks based on fabricated observation of canine behavior.
The Implication
No Filter
These fields cannot distinguish scholarship from ideology because they have abandoned the epistemic tools — falsifiability, replicability, evidence — that would let them tell the difference.
Sources: Sokal, "Fashionable Nonsense" (1998) · Pluckrose, Lindsay & Boghossian, Areo (2018) · Mounk, The Atlantic (2018)

The Measurable
Damage

This is not abstract philosophy. The effects of postmodernism's assault on truth are quantifiable, replicable, and accelerating. Trust is collapsing, science is failing to reproduce, concepts are expanding beyond meaning, and academia has become a political monoculture.

Polling Data

The Trust Collapse

Public confidence in scientists, higher education, and media over time

The trajectory is unmistakable: Trust in scientists dropped from 87% to 73% (Pew, 2020-2023). Confidence in higher education collapsed from 57% to 36% (Gallup, 2015-2023). Public trust in media hit a record low of 31% (Gallup, 2024). These are not random fluctuations. They are the predictable result of institutions that abandoned the pursuit of objective truth in favor of ideological narratives.
Sources: Pew Research Center (2020, 2023) · Gallup Confidence in Institutions (2015-2024) · Reuters Institute Digital News Report (2024)
Meta-Science

The Replication Crisis

When researchers tried to replicate published findings, the softer the science, the worse the results

The pattern is clear: Physics and chemistry replicate well. Biology is reasonable. Psychology and social sciences are catastrophic. This is not a coincidence. The fields most infected by postmodern epistemology — where "lived experience" is treated as evidence and subjectivity is celebrated rather than controlled for — are precisely the fields where the scientific method is failing. Only 36% of psychology studies replicated in the landmark Open Science Collaboration (2015).
Sources: Open Science Collaboration (2015), Science · Camerer et al. (2018), Nature Human Behaviour · Baker (2016), Nature · Ioannidis (2005), PLoS Medicine
Empirical Analysis

Concept Creep: When Words Lose Meaning

Haslam (2016): six concepts expanded both horizontally (new subtypes) and vertically (lower thresholds)

The mechanism of control: When you expand the definition of "trauma" to include microaggressions, of "abuse" to include disagreement, of "violence" to include speech, you accomplish two things. You trivialize genuine suffering. And you create a culture where any discomfort can be weaponized to silence dissent. This is not protecting the vulnerable. It is manufacturing vulnerability. McGrath et al. (2019) found that people scoring higher on harm avoidance and left-wing political orientation applied broader definitions. The expansion is ideological, not empirical.
Sources: Haslam (2016), Psychological Review · Haslam (2020), European Review of Social Psychology · McGrath et al. (2019) · Campbell & Manning, "The Rise of Victimhood Culture" (2018)
Institutional Analysis

The Academic Monoculture

Faculty Democrat-to-Republican ratios across disciplines

Universities should be institutions devoted to finding truth, separating fact from fiction. Places of learning, inquiry, and exploration. A forum where all views, perspectives, and opinions are weighed equally in the quest for clarity. Instead, they have become monocultures. When 95%+ of faculty in the humanities share the same political orientation, you don't have a marketplace of ideas. You have an echo chamber producing ideology and calling it scholarship.
Sources: Langbert (2018), Academic Questions · Shields & Dunn (2016), "Passing on the Right" · Honeycutt & Freberg (2017), Econ Journal Watch · Heterodox Academy data

Case Study:
The War on Agency

Obesity and health are one example of a greater trend. The postmodernist project doesn't just corrupt abstract philosophy. It systematically dismantles the belief that you can take control of your own life. It turns every personal challenge into a structural condition, every individual into a victim, and every attempt at self-improvement into "internalized oppression."

Longitudinal Data

Internal Locus of Control Predicts Health Outcomes

1970 British Birth Cohort: internal LOC at age 10 vs. health outcomes at age 30 (n=11,000+)

The data is unambiguous: Children who believed they had control over their lives grew into healthier adults. A one standard deviation increase in internal locus of control at age 10 reduced adult obesity by 14%, poor self-rated health by 11%, and psychological distress by 14%. Believing you have agency isn't just motivational fluff. It predicts measurable outcomes across decades.
Source: 1970 British Birth Cohort Study, American Journal of Public Health, 2008 (PubMed 18480188)
Causal Evidence

Disease Framing Backfires

Crystal L. Hoyt et al. (2014): Tell people obesity is a disease, watch what happens

Disease-framing group
Less
importance placed on health-focused dieting
Disease-framing group
Less
concern about their weight
Disease-framing group
Higher
calorie food chosen from a menu
The postmodern health paradox: The disease label increased self-esteem and body satisfaction while simultaneously undermining motivation. People felt better about themselves while making worse choices. This is postmodernism applied to medicine: redefine the problem as something that happens to you rather than something you can address, and the patient feels validated while their health deteriorates. The AMA's own scientific council recommended against the disease classification in 2012. The membership voted to override in 2013.
Sources: Hoyt, Burnette & Auster-Gussman (2014), Psychological Science · AMA Council on Science and Public Health (2012)
Systematic Review

Agency Works. Pills Without Agency Don't.

Behavioral intervention (builds agency) vs. pharmacotherapy alone

The numbers are devastating: Behavioral interventions produced 7.5% weight loss vs. 0.2% for pharmacotherapy alone. The Look AHEAD Trial (n=5,145) confirmed: 8.6% vs. 0.7% at year 1, sustained at 4.7% vs. 1.1% at year 4. When you build agency, people change. When you remove agency and replace it with a prescription, they don't. This pattern holds across addiction (Peele, 2016), mental health (Seligman), and education (Haidt).
Sources: PMC5503454 systematic review · Look AHEAD Trial, NEJM 2013 · Peele, Frontiers in Psychiatry 2016

The Thinkers
Who Saw It Coming

Here is what makes this impossible to dismiss as right-wing culture war: the critics of postmodernism span the entire political spectrum, from Marxists to libertarians, from physicists to clinical psychologists. This is not ideology. This is convergent evidence from independent minds.

Left

Noam Chomsky

"Much of postmodernist work is just posturing... it's a way of gaining power within the academic community, and it has nothing to do with understanding the world." Called Derrida and Lacan intellectually fraudulent.

Science

Alan Sokal

NYU physicist. Proved postmodern humanities couldn't distinguish real physics from deliberate nonsense. His 1996 hoax paper and subsequent book "Fashionable Nonsense" exposed the intellectual bankruptcy of the field.

Science

Richard Dawkins

"Postmodern intellectuals use language obscure enough to provide a smokescreen for nonsense." Consistently argued that postmodern relativism is corrosive to scientific inquiry and public understanding.

Center

Steven Pinker

"Enlightenment Now" (2018). Made the empirical case that Enlightenment values — reason, science, humanism — have produced the greatest gains in human welfare in history. The data is overwhelming. The postmodern assault on these values threatens everything they produced.

Philosophy

Stephen Hicks

"Explaining Postmodernism" (2004). The definitive genealogy. Central thesis: postmodernism arose because the empirical failure of socialism required an epistemological retreat. Can't win on evidence? Attack evidence itself.

Philosophy

Maarten Boudry

"Verraad aan de verlichting" (2025). Ghent University philosopher who diagnosed the Enlightenment's "autoimmune disease": the tradition of self-criticism that made the West great has turned against its own body. Progressives have betrayed the very values — reason, science, free speech — that originally defined progressive politics. In 2011, Boudry pulled his own Sokal-style hoax on a theology conference, proving intellectual vacuousness is not limited to postmodern humanities.

Center-Left

Helen Pluckrose & James Lindsay

"Cynical Theories" (2020). Traced the evolution from postmodernism to applied postmodernism to "reified postmodernism" — where theoretical skepticism of truth hardens into dogmatic assertion of ideological claims.

Center-Left

Jonathan Haidt

"The Coddling of the American Mind" (2018). Three Great Untruths: what doesn't kill you makes you weaker, always trust your feelings, life is us vs. them. Documented how universities adopted "reverse CBT" — teaching students to be fragile.

Left

Mark Fisher

"Capitalist Realism" (2009). Coined "privatization of stress." A Marxist critique: therapy culture depoliticizes structural problems by turning them into individual pathology. Postmodernism serves capital by eliminating collective action.

Left

Freddie deBoer

Marxist essayist. Identity categories "build up a prohibition about subjecting any given argument about one's identity to criticism." The left's embrace of postmodernism has made material change impossible.

Clinical

Martin Seligman

Discovered learned helplessness (1967). Spent his career proving it could be overcome. "Helplessness is the giving-up reaction, the quitting response that follows from the belief that whatever you do doesn't matter." The definition of postmodern agency.

Philosophy

Nassim Taleb

"Antifragile" (2012). Systems grow from stress. Eliminate challenge and you eliminate growth. The postmodern safetyism project is producing a generation that is not just fragile but anti-antifragile: they break AND don't recover.

The Cross-Partisan Coalition Against Postmodernism
Left critics (Chomsky, Fisher, deBoer) argue postmodernism defangs the left, making material change impossible by replacing action with performance
Liberal empiricists (Pinker, Haidt, Pluckrose) document the measurable destruction of Enlightenment institutions and norms
Philosophers of science (Sokal, Dawkins, Boudry, Hicks) demonstrate the logical incoherence and empirical bankruptcy of postmodern epistemology
Clinical scientists (Seligman, Taleb, Haslam) measure the human cost: learned helplessness, fragility, and the expansion of harm categories until all of life becomes trauma
When Marxists and libertarians, physicists and psychologists, Dutch philosophers and American essayists all arrive at the same conclusion through independent methods, the finding is robust. The criticism of postmodernism is the most cross-partisan intellectual movement of the 21st century.

The Enlightenment
Defense

There was a time when Western civilization believed humanity could be better. That through discipline, resilience, and perseverance, we could aspire to something greater. That belief is not naive. It is the single most productive idea in human history. And it is under siege.

The Performative Contradiction

Postmodernism claims there is no objective truth.
It presents this claim as objectively true.

This is not a minor logical inconsistency. It is the fatal flaw at the heart of the entire project. If all truth claims are merely power plays, then the claim that "all truth claims are power plays" is itself a power play. If there is no objective reality, then the assertion "there is no objective reality" cannot be objectively real. Postmodernism eats itself. And yet its adherents never seem to notice — or care. As John Searle observed: "They want to deny the existence of objective reality while still receiving their salaries in real dollars."

Empirical Progress

The Enlightenment's Track Record

The empirical case for the project that postmodernism wants to dismantle (Boudry, 2025 · Pinker, 2018)

Extreme Poverty
90% → <10%
Nine out of ten people once lived in extreme poverty. Today it is below one in ten. The largest reduction in human suffering in history, driven by the very Enlightenment values postmodernism attacks.
Literacy
10% → 90%
Nine out of ten people were once illiterate. Today it is approximately one in ten. Science, reason, and universal education — Enlightenment projects, all.
Child Mortality
40% → <1%
Four out of ten children once died before their fifth birthday. In wealthy nations today: four out of one thousand. This is what the "oppressive Western project" actually produced.
These are not coincidences. They are the direct product of the Enlightenment project: the scientific method, evidence-based medicine, industrial agriculture, democratic governance. Boudry: "Abandoning the Enlightenment in the name of progressivism is both intellectually incoherent and politically catastrophic." This is what the degrowth movement romanticizes away. This is what the decolonization framework frames as oppression. And this is what postmodernism, by attacking the epistemic foundations that made it possible, threatens to reverse.
Sources: Boudry, "Verraad aan de verlichting" (2025) · Pinker, "Enlightenment Now" (2018) · Rosling, "Factfulness" (2018) · Our World in Data
The Aspiration

What We Are Fighting For

The belief that animated Western civilization at its best

The Enlightenment Promise
Reason
Reality is knowable. Truth is discoverable. Science converges toward it. These are not Western biases. They are the foundation of every advance in human welfare for the last 400 years.
The Human Promise
Agency
You can be better. Through discipline, resilience, and perseverance, you can aspire to something greater. This is not toxic individualism. It is the single most empowering belief a human being can hold.
The Civilizational Promise
Progress
Humanity advances. Pinker's data is irrefutable: every metric of human welfare — poverty, violence, disease, literacy, freedom — has improved dramatically under Enlightenment values. The progress is real.
In the 1990s, Star Trek embodied this: The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager — all dealt with complex moral dilemmas. Through it all, one belief held firm: humanity can be better. We can better ourselves through discipline, resilience, and sacrifice. We can aspire to something greater through effort and will. These are not conservative talking points. They are the foundational values of every Enlightenment society. And they are being poisoned by an academic establishment that has decided aspiration is oppression.
Sofa-Sophism: the art of philosophizing about the world from the comfort of a sofa, without real experience of its true nature. Applied by armchair critics of technological change and to ideological movements disconnected from material reality.
Aragorn Meulendijks, on the postmodern intellectual class

The Stakes Are Civilizational

This is not a culture war.
This is a truth war.

Postmodernism has infected every field it has touched. Psychology, where only 36% of published studies replicate. Sociology, where hoax papers built on fabricated data pass peer review. Education, where universities teach students to be fragile rather than resilient. Medicine, where disease framings that undermine agency are preferred over interventions that build it. Public discourse, where disagreement is "violence" and evidence is "just one perspective."

1
Science requires shared reality. Without the axiom that truth is singular and discoverable, the scientific method collapses into opinion-gathering.
2
Democracy requires shared facts. Without a common epistemic foundation, political debate becomes tribal warfare.
3
Agency requires belief in causation. If your actions don't determine your outcomes, there is no reason to act. Learned helplessness is the logical endpoint of postmodern epistemology.
4
Progress requires the belief that progress is possible. Postmodernism's rejection of grand narratives is itself a grand narrative. And it is the most destructive one ever told.

The Framing Matters

When the evidence is this clear, this cross-partisan, and this well-documented, the question is not whether postmodernism has corrupted science and society. The question is why anyone is still defending it.

You are not going against science.
You are going against those who have abandoned it.

The Enlightenment is the heritage of every human being on this planet. It gave us the tools to cure disease, feed billions, explore space, and understand the universe. Postmodernism offers nothing in return except doubt, fragility, and the comforting lie that nothing is your fault because nothing is real.

Choose agency. Choose reason. Choose the difficult, demanding, exhilarating belief that truth exists, that you can find it, and that what you do with your life actually matters.

Data & References

Postmodernism & Epistemology

  • Hicks, S., Explaining Postmodernism, 2004
  • Pluckrose, H. & Lindsay, J., Cynical Theories, 2020
  • Boudry, M., Verraad aan de verlichting: Pleidooi voor een nieuwe vooruitgangsbeweging, Prometheus, 2025
  • Boudry, M., Theology hoax at Christian philosophy conference, 2011
  • Foucault & Chomsky, Debate at TU Eindhoven, 1971
  • Sokal, A., "Transgressing the Boundaries," Social Text, 1996
  • Sokal, A. & Bricmont, J., Fashionable Nonsense, 1998
  • Pluckrose, Lindsay & Boghossian, "The Grievance Studies Affair," 2018
  • Searle, J., "The Construction of Social Reality," 1995
  • Dennett, D., "Postmodernism and Truth," 1998
  • Habermas, J., The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, 1985

Institutional Trust & Replication Crisis

  • Pew Research Center, Trust in Scientists (2020, 2023)
  • Gallup, Confidence in Higher Education (2015-2023)
  • Gallup, Trust in Media (2024)
  • Open Science Collaboration, Science, 2015
  • Camerer et al., Nature Human Behaviour, 2018
  • Baker, "1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility," Nature, 2016
  • Ioannidis, "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False," PLoS Medicine, 2005
  • Langbert, "Homogeneous: The Political Affiliations of Elite Liberal Arts College Faculty," Academic Questions, 2018
  • Honeycutt & Freberg, Econ Journal Watch, 2017

Concept Creep & Safetyism

  • Haslam, N., "Concept Creep," Psychological Review, 2016
  • Haslam, N., "Harm Inflation," European Review of Social Psychology, 2020
  • McGrath et al. (2019), concept creep individual differences
  • Campbell & Manning, The Rise of Victimhood Culture, 2018
  • Haidt & Lukianoff, The Coddling of the American Mind, 2018
  • Fisher, M., Capitalist Realism, 2009
  • Furedi, F., Therapy Culture, 2003

Agency, Health & Locus of Control

  • 1970 British Birth Cohort Study, AJPH, 2008
  • Hoyt, Burnette & Auster-Gussman, Psychological Science, 2014
  • PMC5503454, behavioral vs. pharmacotherapy systematic review
  • Look AHEAD Trial, NEJM, 2013
  • Seligman, M., Learned Optimism, 1991
  • Peele, S., Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2016
  • Bandura, A., Psychological Review, 1977
  • Deci & Ryan, American Psychologist, 2000
  • Rotter, J.B., Psychological Monographs, 1966
  • Taleb, N.N., Antifragile, 2012

Enlightenment Defense

  • Pinker, S., Enlightenment Now, 2018
  • Pinker, S., The Better Angels of Our Nature, 2011
  • Chomsky, N., various interviews on postmodernism
  • Dawkins, R., "Postmodernism Disrobed," Nature, 1998
  • Rosling, H., Factfulness, 2018
  • Nussbaum, M., "The Professor of Parody," The New Republic, 1999
  • Meulendijks, A., Worldview & Core Theses, 2026
Postmodernist ideology is like a rot at the core of modern civilization. A cancer which eats away at everything that made us great — science, reason, and the belief in objective truth is at the heart of science and all great achievements of human civilisation. If we do not stop this rot, this cancer inside our civilization, it will not just lead to the end of science, it will lead to the end of civilisation as we know it.
Aragorn, Future-Historian